The components and articles of the Temple are entirely symbolic of the heavenly Temple G-d showed to Moshe on the mountain (Ex 25:40). The items listed below are in the order they are described in Scripture rather than alphabetical order.
Ark of the Covenant
The ark is symbolic of G-d's throne: the seat of His Presence.
The ark is wood covered with gold and is symbolic of G-d's people covered in righteousness. Psalm 22:3 tells us that G-d is enthroned on the praises of Israel, his people.
Table of the Bread of the Presence
The table of the bread of the presence is symbolic of G-d's people, Israel always being before him.
The Lampstand
The lampstand is symbolic of Yeshua... the Light of the world always before G-d's presence at His right hand. It is made of solid gold and is symbolic of complete purity and holiness.
The Linen Covering
Linen is symbolic of righteousness (Revelation 19:8).
The covering is [white] linen (purity/holiness/godliness), blue (priestly), purple (royal), and scarlet (sacrificial) in color and are held together with 50 gold clasps (purity, holiness). The list of materials begins with linen symbolizing righteous acts (Revelation 19:8 again) and righteousness in general.
The Goat Hair Covering
The goat hair covering is symbolic of judgment as is also pictured by the goat of Yom Kippur. The nations (as opposed to Israel) can be pictured as goats on whom G-d's judgment will be poured out. See Genesis 27:8-16 (Rivkah puts goat skins on Ya'akov to make him appear as Esav (whom G-d said He hates)), and Matthew 25:32 (Yeshua separates the sheep from the goats) for examples.
The goat hair covering is held together with bronze clasps (bronze symbolizes judgment and wrath) just as the goat of Yom Kippur is symbolic of Messiah on whom judgment and wrath were poured out for us.
The Tachash Skin Covering
The final cover over the tabernacle is made of rams skins and tachash skins and is symbolic of power and majesty. No one is exactly sure what the tachash animal was. Various places in the Talmud refer to it noting its uniqueness (e.g. the Gemara says the animal only appeared for Moshe specifically for the purpose of being part of the tabernacle). It likely was not a badger, porpoise, or sea cow as is sometimes translated into English because those animals are tamei [unclean] and would be unsuitable to bring into the holy precinct. Coming into contact with a dead unclean animal makes a person unclean (Leviticus 11:27) so every time someone touched this covering they would become unclean if it were one of those animals.
The final picture we have of the coverings is that the holy place rests under the righteousness of G-d (linen) which is under His judgment and wrath (goat skin) which falls under His power, majesty, and authority (tachash and ram).
The Walls
The shittim wood walls covered with gold are symbolic of humanity covered in G-d's holiness and righteousness.
The wooden walls stand with two tenons (i.e. legs) in sockets of silver (salvation and redemption) which symbolize the first and second coming of Messiah.
The Veil
The veil is symbolic of Messiah.
- The veil is made of four colors representing four characteristics of Messiah: blue (priestly), purple (royal), scarlet (sacrifice), [white] linen (purity and holiness). Note that blue is listed first for this object since it is only the high priest which can come before G-d (i.e. going beyond the veil).
- Nobody could come into the holy of holies without going through the veil. Yeshua said no man can come unto the Father except by Him (John 14:6).
- At the time of Messiah's death the veil was torn just as Messiah's body was torn for our transgressions.
The Four Pillars
The four pillars on which the veil rests are symbolic of the four "corners" of the earth which is seen as the foundation of heaven, G-d's kingdom. They are also symbolic of Messiah:
- They are made of wood which is symbolic of man.
- They are overlaid with gold which is symbolic of righteousness and purity.
- They have sockets of silver which is symbolic of salvation and redemption.
Between us and G-d before G-d's throne we see a picture of a Man covered in righteousness upheld by salvation: Messiah Yeshua!
The Screen
The screen to the entrance of the holy place is also symbolic of Messiah.
- The screen is made of four colors representing four characteristics of Messiah: blue (priestly), purple (royal), scarlet (sacrifice), [white] linen (purity and holiness).
- Nobody could come into the holy place without going through the screen. Yeshua said no man can come unto the Father except by Him (John 14:6).
The Five Pillars
The five pillars on which the screen rests are symbolic of the five books of Torah and also symbolic of Messiah.
- They are made of wood which is symbolic of man.
- They are overlaid with gold which is symbolic of righteousness and purity.
- They have sockets of bronze which is symbolic of judgment.
Psalm 1:5 tells us that the wicked will not stand in the judgment nor sinners in the assembly of the tzadik [righteous]. These pillars symbolic of both Messiah and Torah reveal to us a Man covered in righteousness standing in judgment between us and the holy place of G-d. What is the standard by which His righteousness is judged? Torah!
The Brazen Altar
The brazen altar (wood covered with bronze) is symbolic of G-d's judgment and wrath upon humanity.
Note that the judgment and wrath is on humanity outside of Torah (the 5 pillars) and outside of Yeshua (the screen).
The Courtyard Screens
The linen screens of the courtyard are symbolic of righteousness.
The linen screens are held up by wood (humanity) pillars with silver hooks and bands (salvation and redemption) inserted into copper sockets (judgment). 60 pillars form the supports for the courtyard screens. The couryard screens and the tabernacle walls are held up with ropes that are tied to pegs of copper (judgment).